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Today, a revolution in the study of DNA, from both ancient and modern creatures, is providing answers. Applying the same approach used in a landmark 2010 study of Neanderthal DNA, scientists have learned much about the history of Equus caballus. They have tracked how ancient wild horses shared genes across the Bering Strait between Asia and North America, and revealed the surprising history of Przewalski’s horse. And working with more modern samples, they have observed how recent management by people has undone much of the diversity in horse genomes, while adding a host of breed-specific features.

But there has never been quite enough ancient DNA to answer the question of domestication — until late 2021, when scientists reported their analysis of more than 250 ancient horse genomes.

“It’s great to have this big piece filled in, in the puzzle of where horses actually came from,” says Jessica Petersen, an animal geneticist at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln who wasn’t involved with that particular mystery. But, she adds, the domestication process was a complex series of events, and more intricate details will be difficult to uncover.

Iberia, the peninsula containing modern-day Spain and Portugal, seemed promising because horses have continuously inhabited the region for the past 50,000 years, and would have been available for potential domestication.